BALANTA PEOPLE: GUINEA BISSAU LARGEST ETHNIC GROUP THAT ALWAYS SHOW RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION
The Balanta, meaning literally "those who resist", are an ethnic group found in Guinea-Bissau, Senegal particularly in the Casamance , and Gambia. They are the largest ethnic group of Guinea-Bissau, representing more than one-quarter of the population.
Balanta people performing their traditional Kusunde dance
Their heartland is north of the Geba River, an area rich in elephants, beeswax, and coveted hides. The people are intelligent and dedicated agrarians, growing lots of foods, including rice and peanuts. But despite their numbers, they have remained outside the colonial and post-colonial state because of their social organization. The Balanta can be divided into four subgroups, (three of which are Balanta Kentohe, Balanta Ganja, and Balanta Brassa; the largest of which are the Balanta Brassa.
Balanta People
Archaeologists believe that the people who became the Balanta migrated to present-day Guinea-Bissau in small groups between the tenth and fourteenth century C.E. During the nineteenth century they spread throughout the area that is presently Guinea-Bissau and southern Senegal in order to resist the expansion of the Kaabu kingdom.
Balanta girl circa 1910
The Balanta had worked to maintain customs and traditions based on their ancestral histories; however, nothing could prevent them from being seduced by the unchecked slave raids along the coast. Today, the Balanta are mostly found in the south and central regions of Guinea-Bissau.
Balanta people.Circa 1910
The Balanta are fishermen, herders, and cultivators. They grow millet, rice, peanuts, cashews, and fruit for a cash crop. Their specialty is the culture of cashew which they derive from the apple wine cashew called Cadjou. The export to India of cashew nuts also provides an important economic force in the Balanta villages.
Balanta farmer
Raising cattle is also a traditional activity predominant as the sacrifice of the cattle is import in all stages of life (initiation, marriage, death, etc.) The back of Guinea-Bissau’s 50-peso note (No. 1) shows two farmers wielding an agricultural tool that is called a kebinde in the Balanta language (also called an arade in Guinean Creole).
Balanta Fishermen
These tools are used by the Balanta, Jola and Papel peoples to prepare the soil for planting crops – usually rice. Use of the kebinde is an art that has been perfected over many years by the Balanta people who deservedly hold a reputation as expert farmers.
Along with intricate irrigation systems that mix salt and fresh water, they manage to maintain the nutrients in the soil and achieve excellent yields. After the harvest, the Balanta people have a celebration called the Kussundé, where non-initiated men compete in dances.
Balanta men playing lute for Kusunde dance
Non-initiated Balanta men fighting in Kusunde dance celebration
The Balanta practice indigenous, spiritual customs and rites. In the Balanta society, God is believed to be far away, and communication with the Almighty is established through their spiritual practices and traditions.
Balanta people.Circa 1910
Although Catholicism has been partially accepted, Islam is strong and practiced along with their unique spirit worship.
Balanta mother and baby
All important decisions amongst the Balanta are taken by a Council of Elders. To become a member of the Council of Elders, the person has to be initiated during the Fanado ceremony. In general, egalitarianism prevails amongst the Balanta.
Consequently, the Portuguese colonialists found it difficult to govern them. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century’s, Portugal mounted pacification campaigns against the resistant Balanta and subjected them to appointed Fulbe chiefs. Because of the Portuguese repression, the Balanta enlisted as soldiers in great numbers and were principal supporters of the PAIGC in the nationalist struggle for liberation during the 1960s and 1970s.
Many Balanta resented their exclusion from the government; their prominence in the military spurred a series of Balanta-led coup attempts in the 1980s.
In this Balanat culture, when the prince comes of age to marry, the kingdom has a big party, to which every family brings their daughters. The young women compete with their beauty and their virtuosic dancing for the hand of the prince.
Balanta women
The prince then chooses his bride, and a celebration ensues. To prove his courage to his future wife, a Balanta man must steal a cow. The masks that are used in this dance include a large spirit mask laden with cowry shells, an old woman mask, a young girl mask, and a young man mask
Balanta girl with a tribal beautification mark on her arm
. As symbols of family and spiritual connection, the masks play an important role when the community comes together to celebrate with music and dance.
African-American girls practicing Balanta Kusunde dance
The Balanta have initiation rites at various states of the individual’s life. Each phase of life, from childhood to adulthood, is regulated by an initiation that marks the entrance into a new social category. From early childhood up to age 15, the child belongs to the category of Nwatch. Around age 18 to 20 the individual enters the Fuur and then enters the Nghaye around age 25. Around age 30, according to the rites of Kgness a man will be authorized to take a woman.
After the young Balanta man has become a landowner and taken on family responsibilities, he can then be chosen by his maternal uncle to participate in the Fanado initiation. Once chosen for the Fanado, a Balanta man cannot refuse the family’s wishes.
The Fanado initiation ceremony takes place once every four years. The Fanado is a two-month process in the “sacred woods” which is the ultimate phase of initiation rites and social hierarchy. Initiation during the Fanado ritual opens the doors of maturity and wisdom in the Balanta community. Depicted on the back of the 50-peso note (No. 1) is a man in the costume worn by young Balanta men during the “Fanado” or male circumcision ceremony. Part of the costume is a tortoise shell that is hollowed out and worn on the back.
The first day of the Fanado ceremony is a general festival for the entire village during which people eat, drink and dance. The initiates are presented to the village by their maternal uncles and greeted by the village. After the presentation and greeting, the initiates are brought in the middle of a tropical forest to a place completely secret called the “sacred woods.” In the “sacred woods” the initiates are circumcised by the “master”, a sort of magical figure-pedagogical. After the first few days of circumcision, the initiates must build a kind of hut that will serve as their home-base for the next two months. During these two months, the initiates only have contact with their uncles and the “master”. The initiates undergo test of endurance and learn to be men. What is imparted to the initiates during the Fanado not only concerns their entire culture, but also how to behave with others, how to manage the family, and how to live as adults and men therefore wise. The tests and trials are hard to the point where some people face physical suffering, mutilation, and/or do not survive.
Man wearing Balanta red cap for initiated men
Once completed, the initiate is a mature man, capable of taking care of other people in the tribe. After two months in the “sacred woods,” the initiate (if survived) is ready to return to his family as a new man. Nothing remains of the place where the rite was held, everything is burnt and jealously guarded in secret by those who took part. Mothers learn of the fate of their children only on arrival to the village of the “new” men. The most valiant initiates that do survive emerge from the “sacred woods” to songs of their bravery by family and friends.
The initiate then wears a bright red hat to show that he has become Lante Ndang (brave and wise), and the following day he will be allowed to serve on the council of elders who manages village life. The ex-president of Guinea-Bissau Kumba Yalla is a member of the Balanta people and was often seen wearing a red hat as a sign that he had completed the Fanado initiation.
Former Guinea Bissau President Kumba Yalla wearing his Balanta tribe initiation red cap
The Balanta play a gourd lute instrument called a kusunde. On the kusunde instrument, the short string is at the bottom rather than at the top, the top string was of middle length and the middle string is the longest although it was capoed by the middle length string and its open sounding length is therefore the same as that string.
Kusunde dancers
The tones produced by the instrument are in all: top string open F#, top string stopped G#, middle string open C#, middle string stopped D#, bottom drone string A#/B. The Balanta kusunde is similar to the Jola akonting.
Balanta people
The Balanta people also do lute playing Kusunde dancing fight/wrestling.
Balanta Dance
Some
African-Americans have also traced their ancestry to the Balanta people of Guinea Bissau. Notably amongst them is Tom Joyner,the famous Radio personality
The Meyers Music Report continues to send birthday love out to Regina Belle. Check out this performance from last month when Ms. Belle visited The Tom Joyner Morning Show.
Enjoy! :-)
Ex president Kumba Yalla of Guinea Bissau in his native Balanta tribe`s traditional dress
Tom Joyner
Kumba Yalla
Balanta Harvest Dance
Balanta women
Balanta's Funeral
Balanta is the only ethnic group in Guinea Bissau who don’t have a leader, it’s an anarchic society. There is a wise men board who take all the important decisions.
They are animist and believe in spirits.When somebody die, they make a huge ceremony as big depending on the size of the dead persons family.
They start with the sacrifice of an animal.Men stay in one part drinking Cayu or Palm liquor/palm wine whiles the women stay in another place altogether.
During the ceremony young women dance and sing balanta songs. Afterwards, they start pray before the close relatives and bury the dead. The funeral celebration continues afterward.
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanta_people
Tom Joyner The Man with Balanta Tribe Ancestry
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Milestones in Tom Joyner's ancestry:
Radio king Tom Joyner (63) and his wife, Donna Richardson (50),
Actress Holly Robinson Peete (L) and radio personality Tom Joyner present the Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture (Theatrical or Television) award onstage during the 39th NAACP Image Awards held at the Shrine Auditorium on February 14, 2008 in Los Angeles, California.
Radio personality Tom Joyner (R) presents Song of the Year Award to Tyrese Gibson during the Soul Train Awards 2012 at PH Live at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on November 8, 2012 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Unlike the majority of African-Americans during this time, Tom Joyner's maternal grandparents, Nettie Lavinia Stanback and Isaac Lafayette Dumas, go south to Alabama where he works as a farmer and she is a teacher in a mission school started by the Presbyterian Church.
Radio personalities Sybil Wilkes, Tom Joyner, and J. Anthony Brown of the Tom Joyner Morning Show speak onstage during the Soul Train Awards 2012 at PH Live at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on November 8, 2012 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Radio king Tom Joyner (63) and his wife, Donna Richardson (50),
1949 Tom Joyner is born in Tuskegee, Alabama, home of the Tuskegee Institute and airmen program.
Update: Posthumous Pardon for Tom Joyner's Uncle
Tom Joyner presents during the 2011 Soul Train Awards at The Fox Theatre on November 17, 2011 in Atlanta, Georgia.
Put Tom Joyner's life and ancestry in historical context with the Interactive Historical Timeline.
Rev. Al Sharpton (C) with radio host Tom Joyner, in white, lead a march through downtown on the anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s civil rights March on Washington on August 28, 2010 in Washington, DC. Thousands joined Sharpton for his "Reclaim the Dream" rally to commemorate the 47th anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech. It also was counter-protest to a rally being held by Fox News conservative talk show host Glenn Beck in front of the Lincoln Memorial at the National Mall.
My aunt tells me that my grandmother on my father side people come the Balanta I want to find more on their cosmology
ReplyDeletegood luck..there is not much info on that anywhere
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DeleteGood history lesson. Thanks!
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